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Relationship between Social Support and Psychological Well-Being among Prisoners: A Case of Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Nairobi County, Kenya.
(International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2025-09) Mutua Jacob Musyoki Mbaya
Imprisonment is commonly viewed as a deterrent to reoffending; however, incarceration often exacerbates psychological distress, manifesting as depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, and aggression. Such challenges necessitate targeted psychosocial interventions, particularly from family, peers, and significant others. Social support (SS) is widely recognised as a crucial determinant of psychological well-being (PWB), warranting an empirical investigation into their relationship. This study examined the association between SS and PWB among inmates at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Nairobi County, Kenya. Anchored in Social Support Theory and Ryff’s Six-Factor Model, the study employed a positivist, correlational survey design. Data were collected using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. A multi-stage sampling approach, combining proportionate stratified and simple random techniques, yielded a sample of 320 from a population of 1,207. Data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation and simple regression. Demographic variables age (p = .878), marital status (p = .918), education (p = .152), and time served (p = .166) showed no significant relationship with PWB. Most participants reported moderate levels of SS (73.2%) and PWB (90.4%). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between SS and PWB (r = .193, p = .001), with SS emerging as a significant predictor of PWB (F(1, 311) = 11.97, p = .001). Findings underscore the importance of enhancing social support systems through family contact, peer engagement, and supportive relationships to foster psychological resilience among inmates.
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Relationship between Social Support and Psychological Well-Being among Prisoners: A Case of Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Nairobi County, Kenya.
(Tangaza University, 2025-09) Mutua Jacob Musyoki Mbaya
Imprisonment is widely regarded as a method of deterring individuals from committing further offences. However, life in prison often exposes inmates to a range of psychological challenges that require targeted interventions to promote mental well-being. This study examined the relationship between social support and psychological well-being among inmates at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison in Nairobi County, Kenya. Guided by four objectives, the study assessed the level of social support, the level of psychological well-being, the relationship between demographic characteristics on psychological well-being, and the relationship between social support and psychological well-being. The research was based on Don Drennon-Gala and Cullen’s Social Support Theory and Ryff’s Six-Factor Model. A positivist correlational survey design was employed. Data were collected using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. A simple random sampling technique was applied to select the participants. The findings showed that 73.3% of the respondents reported moderate social support, 17.4% experienced high support, while 9.3% had low support. Regarding psychological well-being, 90.4% fell within the moderate range, 6.7% scored high, and 2.9% were in the low range. A chi-square test showed that age, marital status, level of education, and years served in prison had no significant difference on psychological well-being. Marital status also showed no significant effect (p = .666). Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a positive and statistically significant relationship between social support and psychological well-being (r = .193, p = .001). Regression analysis confirmed that social support significantly predicted psychological well-being (F (1, 311) = 11.97, p = .001). These findings emphasize the need to strengthen support systems for inmates, particularly through family visits, peer connections, friends and support from significant others. Encouraging self-reflection and healthy relationships within prison settings can enhance the psychological resilience of inmates.
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Relationship Between Self-Directed Learning Readiness and Student Stress Among First-Year Undergraduate Students in Private Universities in Lang’ata Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya.
(Tangaza University, 2025-06) Kitetu Annah Mukeli
The transition from teacher-led instruction in high school to self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) at the university level presents significant psychological challenges for first-year undergraduate students. This study investigated the relationship between self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) and student stress (SS) among first-year undergraduates in private universities in Lang’ata Sub-county, Kenya. Guided by four research objectives, the study assessed levels of SDLR and SS, examined the relationship between demographic characteristics and SS, and explored the correlation between SDLR and SS. Grounded by Self-Determination and Self-Efficacy theories, the study employed a quantitative correlational design. A stratified random sample of 387 students was drawn from a population of 4,217 from selected private universities in Lang’ata Sub-county. Data was collected using the SDLR and Student Stress Inventory scales and analyzed using SPSS-25. Descriptive statistics, including demographic characteristics, were analyzed using frequencies, while inferential statistics examining relationships were conducted using Chi-square, and Pearson's correlation tests. Findings revealed that the mean SDLR score was 1.97 (SD = 0.917), indicating substantial variability, while the mean SS score was 1.84 (SD = 0.524), revealing moderate stress levels. Significant relationship in SS was found based on age χ² (8, N = 382) = 44.65, p < .00, university attended (F(3, 378) = 41.81, p < .001), place of residence χ² (8, N = 382) = 23.60, p = .003, and mode of study χ² (2, N = 382) = 8.07, p = .018. However, no significant relationships were observed by gender or perceived family support. A modest but significant positive correlation was found between SDLR and SS (r = .231, p < .001), suggesting that increased readiness for self-directed learning may be associated with higher stress. These findings underscore the need to promote SDLR alongside targeted stress management interventions for first-year undergraduate students.
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It is time to increase Africa’s governmental representation on the governing board of the global fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
(BMJ Global Health, 2025-08) Reginald Maudlin Nalugala
There is increasing attention in global health governance to increase African representation within decision-making bodies.
Although the African national constituencies represent 71% of all Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) allocations, the largest disease burden and 75% of all ‘challenging operating environments’, they represent only 10% of the voting members on the GFATM Governing Board, suggesting under-representation.
Increasing African governmental representation by at least one voting seat on the GFATM Board would better align the institution with global norms advocating increased African representation.
Evidence further suggests that increasing governmental representation would provide greater opportunities to create better contextualised, integrated and sustainable GFATM programmes, thus helping to address longstanding challenges in how we finance and promote global health.
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Relationship between poverty and anxiety levels among females heading urban refugee households in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Tangaza University, 2024-10) Grace Njoki Kariuki
This research thesis investigated the relationship between poverty and anxiety levels among females heading urban refugee households in Nairobi County, Kenya. The research aimed to determine poverty and anxiety levels within this population, examine the influence of poverty on anxiety levels, and analyze the relationship between these two factors.
The study employed a cross-sectional survey design. The target population for the study were the females-heading urban refugee households in Nairobi County, with a sample of 363 female urban refugees from Somalia, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Ethiopia residing in Nairobi County. The participants were selected using stratified random sampling. Data collection was collected using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and a Basic Needs Measuring Scale, both of which demonstrated high reliability and validity in previous studies.
Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including multiple linear regression and Pearson's correlation, were conducted. The results revealed that 68.4% of participants reported a monthly household income below 10,000 Kenyan Shillings, while 68.1% exhibited moderate to severe anxiety levels. A significant positive relationship was found between poverty levels and anxiety levels (β = 0.491, p < 0.001; r = 0.491, p < 0.01).
This findings suggest a complex interplay between economic hardship and mental health challenges among females-heading urban refugee households in Nairobi. The study highlights the need for integrated interventions addressing both economic and mental health aspects of this vulnerable population. Further research is recommended to explore the multifaceted nature of this relationship and inform evidence-based policies and support programs.